The power-sharing pattern in Manipur from 1999 to 2023 reveals a multi-ethnic administrative framework. The equitable distribution of power among Meitei/Meetei, Scheduled Tribes, Meitei Pangal, Manipuri Nepali, and Outsiders underscores the state’s efforts toward inclusive governance.
Dr Th Munindro Singh
Manipur, a border state in Northeastern India, shares a 352 km long international boundary with Myanmar. It covers an area of 22,327 square kilometers, predominantly hilly terrain with a small valley region. The state’s geographic and economic challenges have historically led to its economic backwardness. Manipur is home to three major ethnic groups: Meitei/Meetei, Nagas, and Kuki-Chin tribes, with Meitei Muslims (Pangals) as a minority. This article is based on an academic paper that examines the distribution of administrative power among these groups and others over 25 years, from 1999 to 2023.
The Scheduled Tribes have maintained a substantial and balanced representation in the administrative framework of Manipur. Their presence in various key positions such as Heads of Departments, Deputy Commissioners, and Administrative Secretaries underscores their influence in decision-making processes. This balanced participation is critical in ensuring that the policies and development programs are inclusive and cater to the unique needs of tribal communities, who often reside in the more remote and hilly regions of the state. The proactive involvement of Scheduled Tribes in governance helps bridge the development gap between the valley and the hill regions, fostering a more equitable socio-economic environment.
Pivotal Roles of Meitei/Meetei
The Meitei/Meetei community, predominantly residing in the valley region, has historically been the political and cultural backbone of Manipur. Their significant presence in the state legislature and cabinet positions has provided stability and continuity in governance. The Meitei/Meetei leaders have played a crucial role in shaping the state’s policies and administrative strategies, leveraging their socio-political influence to drive development initiatives. Their dominance in the political landscape, however, is balanced by the inclusion of other ethnic groups, ensuring that the governance is not monopolized by a single community.
Influence of Outsiders
The term “Outsiders” refers to individuals who are not indigenous to Manipur but have integrated into its administrative and social framework. This group includes bureaucrats and professionals from other parts of India who bring diverse perspectives and expertise to the state’s governance. The involvement of Outsiders in administrative roles such as Chief Secretary and Administrative Secretaries has enriched the bureaucratic processes with varied experiences and innovative approaches. Their participation is a testament to the state’s inclusive governance model, which values merit and capability irrespective of ethnic origin.
Evolving Power Dynamics
The power dynamics in Manipur have evolved significantly over the past 25 years. Initially dominated by the Meitei/Meetei community, the administrative structure has gradually opened up to include more representation from Scheduled Tribes and other ethnic groups. This shift is indicative of a broader trend towards democratization and decentralization of power. The evolving dynamics reflect the state’s commitment to equitable governance, where power is shared among diverse communities, ensuring that no single group holds disproportionate control over administrative functions.
Representation of Various Ethnic Groups
The representation of various ethnic groups in Manipur’s governance structure is a reflection of the state’s pluralistic society. The inclusion of Meitei Pangals, Manipuri Nepalis, and other minority communities in significant administrative roles demonstrates a conscious effort to build an inclusive government. This diverse representation helps in addressing the unique challenges and aspirations of different communities, fostering a sense of belonging and participation among all citizens. The collaborative approach in governance ensures that development policies are holistic and cater to the needs of the entire population.
Population Composition
Manipur’s population is diverse, comprising several ethnic and religious groups. From 1951 to 2011, there has been a significant demographic shift. Hinduism, once the predominant religion, saw a decline from 60.13% in 1951 to 41.39% in 2011. Conversely, Christianity grew from 11.84% to 41.29% during the same period. This shift reflects broader social and cultural changes within the state.
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Power Sharing Methodology
The study categorizes power distribution among Meitei/Meetei (M), Scheduled Tribes/Tribals (T), Meitei Pangal (MP), Manipuri Nepali (MN), and Outsiders (O). The analysis covers several administrative positions, including Ministers, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), Chief Secretary, Administrative Secretaries, Heads of Departments (HoDs), and Deputy Commissioners (DCs).
Weightage Assignment
- Heads of Departments (HoDs):
– Twenty-eight departments with significant annual plan provisions were selected.
– Each HoD is assigned a weightage of 2 per month, totaling 24 per year.
– The score reflects the ethnicity of the HoD, contributing to the aggregate power distribution.
- Deputy Commissioners (DCs):
– Weightage of 2 per month is assigned to each DC, totalling 24 per year.
– Scores are awarded based on the DC’s ethnicity, similar to the HoDs.
- Administrative Secretaries:
– Higher in hierarchy than HoDs, assigned a weightage of 4 per month, totalling 48 per year.
– The weight reflects their authority to approve or decline proposals from HoDs.
- Chief Secretary:
– The top administrative position with a weightage of 8 per month, totalling 96 per year.
– Scores are based on ethnicity, indicating the Chief Secretary’s influence in policy decisions.
- MLAs:
– Assigned a weightage of 10 per month, totaling 120 per year.
– Reflects the political power held by the legislative representatives.
- State Ministers:
– Assigned a weightage of 12 per month, totalling 144 per year.
– Includes both State Ministers and those with independent charges.
- Cabinet Ministers:
– Higher than State Ministers, assigned a weightage of 16 per month, totalling 192 per year.
– Reflects their significant influence over administrative decisions.
Findings and Implications
The study’s results indicate a balanced participation of Scheduled Tribes in the government administration. Meitei/Meetei and Outsiders also played pivotal roles. The data highlights the evolving power dynamics and the representation of various ethnic groups in Manipur’s governance.
The power-sharing pattern in Manipur from 1999 to 2023 reveals a multi-ethnic administrative framework. The equitable distribution of power among Meitei/Meetei, Scheduled Tribes, Meitei Pangal, Manipuri Nepali, and Outsiders underscores the state’s efforts toward inclusive governance. Despite its economic challenges, Manipur’s administrative structure reflects its diverse demographic, fostering a collaborative approach to regional development.
This study provides insights into the administrative and political landscape of Manipur, highlighting the importance of balanced representation in governance. It emphasizes the need for continued efforts to maintain equitable power distribution among the state’s diverse ethnic groups, ensuring sustainable development and social harmony.
(Dr Th Munindro Singh is Head, FTSU, Manipur Unit, NEDFi. He retired as Director, Planning, Govt of Manipur (2020). Dr Munindro also worked as Secretary, 3rd and 4th State Finance Commissions, Manipur. He is a member of Ima Leishem Inaat Loishang (ILIL), Imphal and a devotee of Laioiba Panthou. View expressed is personal and not necessarily the view of the organization where he belongs)